L-glutamine
L-glutamine is an amino acid widely used as medicines such as therapeutic agents of gastroenterologic disorders, potentiators of liver and brain functions, immuno-enhancement agents, and therapeutic agents of gastric ulcer and alcoholism, etc., cosmetics such as moisturizers, etc., and health foods such as sports nutrients and nutrients for patients, etc.
Glutamine is an amino acid that promotes the release of growth hormone, which also increases strength and lean muscle mass. Glutamine also promotes better assimilation of nutrients and speeds up recuperation. Glutamine, having two nitrogen atoms, is the most important carrier of nitrogen between organs. The nitrogen added to the cell is needed for protein synthesis as well as for purine and pyrimidine production used for DNA and RNA synthesis. Glutaminase and glutamine synthetase are the two principal enzymes involved in the regulation of glutamine metabolism. Glutaminase catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate and ammonia, while glutamine synthetase catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. While most tissues have both of these enzymes, usually one is more active than the other, depending on the particular tissue. Glutamine can carry excess nitrogen away from the cell to the liver for urea formation or formation of ammonia cleared by the kidney. The ability of glutamine to be available for tissue use is dependent on maintenance of adequate plasma levels. Glutamine boosts the secretion of
human growth hormone from the pituitary gland, which can help offset the reductions in this vital hormone that occur with aging.
Growth hormone has a major role in the growth and retention of muscle due to its ability to promote cell division and proliferation in the body. It increases the amount of amino acids transported across the cell membrane, which provides the raw material needed for more protein synthesis. Glutamine possesses important physiological action. Glutamine is the necessary precursor material of synthesizing nucleic acid of organisms, the regulator of synthesis and decomposition of protein, the carrier of amino nitrogen from peripheral tissue rotating to internal organs and the important matrix of ammonia excretion by the kidney. Glutamine plays a vital role in the immune system. Many of the cells of this system use glutamine for fuel. Studies have shown that supplemental glutamine speeds recuperation and helps people regain the strength they lose after an illness. Glutamine also provides fuel for the mucosal cells of the intestines, which can improve the assimilation of nutrients. Glutamine regulates the body's acid-base balance as well. This neutralizes the high levels of lactic acid that build up during exercise. Unlike most amino acids, glutamine has two amine moieties: an alpha-amino group and an amide group. It is the presence of the amide group which enables glutamine to remove ammonia from the peripheral tissues of the body and transport nitrogen to visceral organs. In addition, it is common for tissues that remove glutamine from the circulation to utilize the carbon skeleton for energy. Glutamine is considered to be a non-essential amino acid. However, glutamine performs many functions in which its demand may be increased. It is a precursor of the synthesis of nucleotides and it is also an activator of protein synthesis while at the same time it inhibits protein degradation. It is an activator of glycogen synthesis and serves as a metabolic substrate for rapidly replicating cells. Glutamine is the important energy substance of epithelial cell of intestinal mucosa, renal tubule cell, macrophage and fibroblast. It plays important roles in various aspects, such as in maintaining intestinal function, promoting immunity function, maintaining alkali equilibrium within the body and elevating the adaptability of the organism to irritability. Glutamine is an energy source for the enterocyte which is important for maintaining the integrity and the function of the intestinal barrier, and the consumption thereof may be increased under conditions of stress. Glutamine is the primary amino acid used by the fibroblasts as an energy source in order to make collagen. Macrophages direct the healing process via release of growth factors. Macrophages depend on glutamine for growth factor production. Due to the increased usage, a glutamine deficiency state can occur rapidly.
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