Grape seed extract
Grape seed extracts have been shown to have cell protective abilities (protect against cytotoxicity) and help protect against known carcinogeni aldehydes, such as the hexanals, pentanals butanals and others. A proanthocyanidin is a group of a compound (a condensed tannin) in which flavan-3-ol or flavan-3,4-diol is contained as a constitutive unit and the constitutive units are bonded to each other by condensation or polymerization at 4-6 position, 4-8 position, etc. Grape seed proanthocyanidins are natural antioxidants known to have a broad spectrum of biological, pharmacological, and chemoprotective properties against free radicals and oxidative stress. The name of "proanthocyanidin" originates from the reason that a proanthocyanidin produces an anthocyanidin such as cyanidin, delphinidin and pelargonidin by being subjected to acidic treatment. Moreover, the proanthocyanidin includes procyanidin, prodelphinidin and propelargonidin, such as dimer, trimer, tetramer, pentamer (5-mer) to nonamer (9-mer) and further polymer of the above-mentioned constitutive unit. Also, the proanthocyanidin includes a stereoisomer thereof. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract demonstrates better antioxidant activity than other free radical scavengers. Grape seed proanthocyanidin has been demonstrated to have significant antioxidant activity in liver and brain tissue and has been shown to decrease chemically-induced DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and production of oxygen free radicals. GSPE also provides better protection against oxidative damage than the same doses of other antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E succinate and beta-carotene. GSPE appears to be better at scavenging free radicals and preventing oxidative damage to brain and liver tissue than other antioxidants. Grape seed proanthocyanidin is available to target tissues and therefore can be useful in vivo in inhibiting oxidative damage to brain and liver tissue. Grape seed proanthocyanidin may help chronic venous insufficiency and its symptoms. GSPE may also be useful in the treatment of lymphedema, varicose veins, cancer, premenstrual syndrome, dental caries and circulatory disorders.
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